Term
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Definition
| Behavior relations that are based on the genetic endowment of an organism, and that are present on the basis of species history. Behavior that aids survival or procreation is often (but not always) unlearned. This is because past generations of organisms that engaged in such behavior and reproduced. These animals passed on to the next generaion the characteristics (via genes) that allowed similar behavior. thus species history provides the organism with a basic repertoire of response that are evoked y environmental conditions. |
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Term
| Fixed Actions Patterns (FAPS) |
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Definition
| A sequence or chain of behavior set off by a specific stimulus. The component responses are repeated almost identically with each presentation of the stimulus. Fixed actions patterns are based on a "genetic blueprint" and the environment simply initiates the sequence. |
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Term
| Modal Action Pattern (MAP) |
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Definition
| The behavioral felxibility of seemingly fixed action patterns. The major topographic features of these reflex combinations may appear similar across individuals and situations, but there are numerous idiosyncratic differences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Are phylogenetic sequences of behavior. An environmental stimulus sets off behavior that produces stimuli that set off the next set of responses in the sequence; these behaviors produce the next set of stimuli, and so on. Presenting stimuli that prompt responses ordinarily occurring in the middle part of the sequence will start the chain at that point rather than at the beginning. Reaction chains are like consecutive sets of reflexes where the stimulus that elicits the next response in the sequence is produced by the previous relfex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The increased reproductive success of genes that code for attributes or behavior that is attractive (having a stimulus function) to the opposite sex. Individuals with these features and underlying genes have increased chances of copulation and bearing more offspring compared with those who lack such attractiveness. |
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Term
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Definition
| All organisms are born with a set of reflexes. These relationships are invariant and biologically based. The eliciting event for the reflex is called the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| All organisms are born with a set of reflexes. These relationships are invariant and biologically based the behavior elicited by the unconditioned stimulus is called the unconditioned response. |
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Term
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Definition
| When an unconditioned stimulus elicits and unconditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| Respondent(CR) and reflexive (UR) behavior is elicited in the sense that the behavior is made to occur by the presentation of a stimulus. |
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Term
| Primary Laws of the Reflex |
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Definition
| These laws govern the US > UR relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
| At very weak intensities a stimulus will not elicit a response, but as the intensity of the eliciting stimulus increases there is a point at which the response is evoked. That is, there is a point below which no response is elicited and above which a response always occurs. |
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Term
| Law of Intensity - Magnitude |
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Definition
| As the intensity of an unconditioned stimulus (US) increases so does the magnitude or size of the unconditioned response (UR) |
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Term
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Definition
| As the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus (US) increases, the latency (time to onset) of the unconditioned response (UR) decreases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when an uncontrolled stimulus repeatedly elicits and uncontrolled response. The frequent presentation of the US produces a gradual decline in the magnitude of the uncontrolled response. When the UR is repeatedly elicited it may eventually fail to occur at all |
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Term
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Definition
| The selection of operant behavior during the lifetime of an organism. The process involves operant variability during periods of extinction and selection by contingencies of reinforcement. An organism that alters its behavior on the basis of changing life experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| An arbitrary stimulus, such as tone, is associated with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits reflexive behavior. After several pairings, the stimulus is presented alone. If the stimulus now elicits a response, it is called a... |
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Term
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Definition
| An arbitrary stimulus such as a tone, is associated with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits reflexive behavior. After sever pairings, the stimulus is presented alone. if the stimulus now elicits a response, the response to the tone is called... |
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Term
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Definition
| The behavior that increases or decreases by the presentation of a conditioned stimulus that precedes the conditioned response. We say that the presentation of the CS regulates or controls the CR. This behavior is elicited. |
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Term
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Definition
| This occurs when an organism responds to a new event based on a history of pairing with a biologically important stimulus. When a CS comes to regulate the occurrence of a CR. |
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Term
| Conditioned Taste Aversion (CTA) |
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Definition
| A sweet flavored liquid may function as a CS in taste aversion conditioning, and drug induced sickness. After repeated pairings of the flavor or taste with the drug, the animal shows avoidance of the sweet flavored solution |
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Term
| Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) |
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Definition
| A procedure in which the CS is a particular place or location and the sweet flavored solution is the US. The solution is given in one distinct chamber but not in another, and the animal shows a preference by a choice test for the location paired with the solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| In respondent conditioning, this refers to a correleation between the CS and the US. Rescolra suggested that a positive correlation between the CS and US, rather than the mere pairing of these stimuli, is necessary for conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| The procedure of pairing the CS with the US over trials when the respondent level fro the CS is near zero. It also refers to the increase in magnitude of the CR when the respondent level for the CS is near zero. |
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Term
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Definition
| The procedure of respondent extinction involves the presentation of the CS without the US after acquisition has occurred. As a behavioral process, extinction refers to a decline in the strength of the CR when an extinction procedure is in effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| The baseline level of the CR to the CS before any known conditioning has taken place. |
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Term
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Definition
| After a period of extinction, an organism's rate of response may be close to operant level. After some time, the organism is again placed int he setting and extinction is continued. Responding initially recovers, but over repeated sessions of extinction the amount of recovery decreases. |
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Term
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Definition
| In terms of operant and respondent conditioning, this is the uncontrolled sights, sounds, smellts, etc. that are the background for conditioning. These stimuli are conditioned at the same time that behavior is strengthened. |
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Term
| Respondent Generalization |
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Definition
Occurs when an organism shows a CR to values of the CS that have not been trained.
For example: Salivating at different tone values. |
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Term
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Definition
| The function that relates values of the CS to a measure of response strength. |
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Term
| Respondent Discrimination |
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Definition
| Occurs when an organism shows a CR to one stimulus but not to the other similar events. This involves positive and negative conditioning trials. |
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Term
| Latent Inhibition (CS-Pre-Exposure Effect) |
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Definition
| When an animal's learning of the CS-US relation is reduced or inhibited by pre-exposure of the CS, revealed by and acquisition test following the conditioning phase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Animals are first given repeated exposures to the US by itself and then a series of CS -> US pairings. Compared with animals given pairings with a novel US, those familiar with the US show weaker and slower conditioning on the acquisition test. |
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Term
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Definition
| A respondent conditioning procedure in which the CS is presented a few seconds before the US occurs. The strongest form of respondent conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| A respondent conditioning procedure in which the CS and the US are presented at the same moment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A respondent conditioning procedure in which the CS is presented for a brief period and after some time has elapsed the US occurs. Generall, as the time between the CS presentation and the occurrence of the US increases, the conditioned response becomes weaker. |
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Term
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Definition
| A respondent conditioning procedure where the US comes before the CS. The general consensus has been that this form of conditioning is unreliable, and many researchers question whether it occurs at all. |
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Term
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Definition
| An apparently neutral stimulus is paired with an US. When this occurs, the control of the response to the US is transferred to the neutral stimulus which is now called a CS. |
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Term
| Second Order Conditioning |
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Definition
| Involves pairing two conditioned stimuli, rather than a conditoned and uncondtioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| When more of a unconditioned stimulus is needed to obtain the same unconditioned response. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of a system to remain stable and resist change. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a CS that accompanies drug use is presented, people are said the have "cravings." The CS elicits reaction that are ordinarily countered by the US. However, when the US is not delivered and the CR occurs people experience this |
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Term
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Definition
| The effect of an inert substance such as a sugar pill on the "physiological well-being" of a patient. That is, patients who are treated with sugar pills show improvements relative to a no treatment control group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Respondent conditioning two(or more) conditioned stimuli are presented together and acquire the capacity to evoke a single conditioned response. |
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Term
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Definition
| This effect occurs when a compound stimulus is used as the CS in a respondent conditioning experiment. The most salient property of the compound stimulus comes to regulate exclusively the conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| A CS is paired with a US until the conditioned response reaches maximum strength. Following this conditioning, as second stimulus is presented at the same time as the original CS and both are paired with the US. On test trials, the original CS, elicits the conditioned response but the second stimulus does not |
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Term
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Definition
| A previously conditioned stimulus is paired with a n aversive unconditioned stimulus such as an electric shock. After several pairings, the original CS becomes a conditional aversive stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The conditioned stimulus acquires a limited amount of associative strength on any one trial. The associative strength increases over conditioning tirals and reaches some maximum level. The magnitude of the UR to the US sets the upper limit for the CR. The CS cannot elicit a greater response than the one produced by the US. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes the relation between the conditioned stimulus and the magnitude of the conditioned response. In general this will increase over the conditioning trial and reaches some maximum level. |
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Term
| Maximum Associative Strength |
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Definition
| A conditioned stimulus can acquire only so much control over a conditioned response. A US elicits a given magnitude of the UR. This magnitude sets the upper limit for the CR. The CS cannot elicit a greater response than the one produced by the US. |
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Term
| Change in Associative Strength |
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Definition
| A factor that affects the increment in associative strength on any one trial; the difference between the present strength of the CS and its maximum value |
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Term
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Definition
| The symbol S that is a constant between 0 and 1 in the Rescorla-Wagner Model. This is measured after conditioning and determines how quickly the associative strength of the CS rises to the maximum.The larger the number the faster the CS will rise to reach it's maximum associative strength. |
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Term
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Definition
| In respondent conditioning the pairing of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli in time |
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