Term
| Three philosophical ideas |
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Definition
original sin
blank slate-john lock
innate goodness-jacque rousseau |
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Term
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Definition
internal state at birth is one of badness
western christian idea
all ppl are born selfish
no such thing as altruism
external force of Holy Spirit allows goodness
badness is giving in |
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Definition
john locke
born neither good nor bad
malleable and vulnerable to external forces
tried to turn this into compassion for children |
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Definition
born good
jacque rousseu
seeks out experiences to promote growth
indigo children and to seek out the most potential to protect childhood |
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Definition
nature vs nurture
continutity vs discontinuity
primacy vs resiliency |
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Term
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Definition
earlier experiences are more influential than later experiences
-you have multiple chances to fix what you dont like about your life, youre surrounded by doors |
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Term
| continuous vs discontinuous |
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Definition
| you are who you are, you are jus here longer |
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Term
| four developmental perspectives |
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Definition
biological maturation
environmental learning
constuctivist
cultural context |
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Term
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Definition
change is endogenous
resulting from internal natural process
primacy
change is disc or qualatative |
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Term
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Definition
change is exogenous
change from learning
modified through interaction with environment
early learning affects later learnign
continual growth- behaviroists |
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Term
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Definition
combines envio and bio equally
qualitative
assimilation/ accomodation |
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Term
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Definition
piaget's theory
trifold between envir, biology and culture
integenerational transmission
qualitative and quantitative |
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Term
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Definition
ascribes to multilayered interactions btw biology, environment, and history of childs environment
layers of influence of all parts of sociey on children |
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Term
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Definition
parsimonious
internally consisten
falsifiable
supported |
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Definition
clinical research
observation, unsystematic and naturalistic
single case studies
epidemiological research
emipirical design |
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Term
| unsystematic observation vs naturalistic observation |
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Definition
-single case observation that cannot be generalized but can generalize a hypothesis
-cannot control or get involved but Hawthorne effect can show up, can generate a theory |
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Term
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Definition
intensive studies and description
incredibly subjective
can provide rare information for further study and can generate a hypothesis
cannot lead to cause/effect |
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Term
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Definition
study of incidence, prevalence, and distributions of an illness in a population
helps establish patterns, possible causes
depends on correlation |
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Term
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Definition
-rate of new cases that develop within a given period of time
-overall rate of cases over a given period of time |
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Term
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Definition
can lead to cause and effect between independent and dependent varibles
indepenpent=interests
dependent=results
control=does not get treatment
experiment= gets treatment |
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Term
| correlational studies vs cause and effect |
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Definition
correlation does not mean causation
if there is no relationship between two varibles then cause and effect does not exist |
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Term
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Definition
germinal stage
embryonic stage
fetal stage |
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Term
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Definition
| time at which an organ must develop or wont at all |
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Term
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Definition
defined as an organs dysfunction
biology |
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Definition
behavior is a result or nature and nurture
less stress the less chance of a disease |
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Definition
| all behavior conforms to the principles of learning |
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Term
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Definition
respondent conditioning
operant conditioning
imitation |
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Term
| reinforcement (positive/ negative) |
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Definition
strengthens or increases the probability of a specific response
Think of it as adding something in order to increase a response
Think of negative reinforcement as taking something negative away in order to increase a response |
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Term
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Definition
| Punishment refers to adding something aversive in order to decrease a behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the lowering of the probability of a response when a characteristic reinforcing stimulus is no longer presented |
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Term
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Definition
| learnign not to engage in specific behaviros, even when they're desired |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs naturally without thinking or outside stimulus/reward |
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Term
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Definition
observational learning- bandura
imitation was the precursor
behaviors are observed, perceived, and weighted for desirability |
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Term
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Definition
what is adaptive in one societt may be considered maladaptive in another
divorce |
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Term
| behavioral deficits vs excess |
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Definition
deficits- behavior occurs at a lower frequency than is acceptable to a given society (autism)
excess- occurs at a higher frequency that is acceptable in society (OCD) |
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Term
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Definition
| anticipate outcome of behaviors as well as whether or not they will be successful in executing the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
the person and the environment influence each other
leads to piagets cognitive devel theory |
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Term
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Definition
| blueprints for children's thinking to help understand the enviroment |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which new info in incorporated |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which schema are altered or updated to include new info |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which child updates schema |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive balance between assimilation and accomodation |
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Term
piaget's sensorimotor stage
birth-2 yrs |
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Definition
for two years the dorminant cognitive shemas are behaviors
muscle developemtn allows for coordination and movement
6 stages |
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Term
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Definition
infants learn to control and coordinate reflexes
reflexes produce own stimulation
first signs that infant will influence own development through action |
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Term
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Definition
reflexes are extended in time- repeated
-applied to other objects
-primary circular reactions
-self and body interaction |
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Term
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Definition
develop first ideas about reality
-secondary circular reactions
-interacting with the environment |
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Term
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Definition
coordination of secondary circular reactions
-emergence of goal oriented actions
peek-a-boo hallmark
-object permanence |
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Term
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Definition
tertiary circular reactions
-deliberate variation of problem solving means
-start to inhibit impulse
-making two objects interact with each other for own amusement |
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Term
substage 6:
18months-2 years |
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Definition
beginnings of thinking
-important achievement is developement of symbolic capacity
-one object can stand in for another
-children should recognize themselves in the mirror
-a not b error |
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Term
| limitations of preoperational thinking |
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Definition
horizontal declage- not generalized
-symbolic function of thought
-egocentric
-difficulty with conservation tasks(irreversible thought)
-centration-focus on one aspect of a problem
-static thought- failure to understand transformations or processes from one state to another |
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Term
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Definition
| not generalized, give up in a context but not across the context) |
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Definition
| understanding is dominated by single most perceptually salient feature |
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Term
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Definition
the world is seen solely from own perspective
-no theory of mind
-inability to understand what happens in another's feelings or mind |
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Term
| difficulty with conservation tasks |
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Definition
irreversible thought- cannot walk backwards in time
-cant understand cause/effect
-centration, focus on a single aspect of a problem, rather than 2 or more dimensions |
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Term
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Definition
| failure to understand transformations or processes form one state to another |
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Term
Piaget's concrete operations
7-11 years |
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Definition
| as biology matures then theres predicted age where you stop, if its developed too early or late theres not a normal trajectory |
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Term
| skils for concrete operations |
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Definition
thought is operational- internalized, reversible, organized systems of action
-thought is logical
-understand inclusion
-seration, arrange items mentally
-transivity, understand the relationship among elements in a series
-conservation, understand that certain properties of an object dont change when its appearance is somehow altered
-reversibility, cause and effect
- decentrate, more than one dimension at a time |
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Term
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Definition
can preform mental actions on ideas
-can think logically and systematically about abstract and hypothetical objects, events, and situations
-can contemplate possibilities rather than realities
-adolescent egocentrism, trouble distinguishing self from others
-imaginary audience, confusing own thoughts with those of hypothesized |
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Term
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Definition
| confusing own thoughts with those of hypothesized |
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Term
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Definition
trouble distinguishing self from others
-belief that others are as preoccupied with self as you are |
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Term
| hypothetical deductive reasoning |
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Definition
| generating all possible hypotheses and systematically testing their predictions |
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Term
| how freud answers the big questions |
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Definition
-he picks nature, drives for sex and aggression which creates an intra psychic conflict
-discontinuous, qualitative changes, at each stage there is a conflict which is produced on a particular body part
-primacy, early events are more influential than later ones, and existence of the unconscience |
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Term
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Definition
id- operates one pleasure principle, and avoids pain
superego- operates as internalized of society's moral principles, acts as conscience, allows for society to organize
ego- operates on reality principle, acts as an observer of conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| not allowing painful thought to come in to consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| person simply refuses to acknowledge an external source of anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| person uses imaginary material to conquer fear/ wishes |
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Term
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Definition
| person attributes own unacceptable impulses on someone else |
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Term
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Definition
| creating socially acceptable reasons for unacceptable impulses/ wishes |
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Term
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Definition
| person adopts a behavior exactly opposite of their impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| person displaces hostility away from a dangerous object onto a safer substitute |
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Term
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Definition
| person substitutes logic for emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| person tries to make-up for unacceptable impulses with acceptable acts |
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Term
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Definition
| person retreats to early stages of emotional development |
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Term
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Definition
| person accents one acceptable aspect of self to hide an unacceptable side of self |
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Term
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Definition
| highest functioning- person expresses sexual and aggression energy in socially acceptaable ways and any prosocial activity we engage in |
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Term
| oedipus complex, electra complex |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
we are driven to find out who we are in relation to others
shifted focus of psycho- analytic theory from id to ego
-id motivated by sex and aggression
-ego motivated by love and creativity, essennce of humanity |
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Term
| erikson on central debates |
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Definition
primacy
unconscious drives
nurture
shift from id to ego |
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Term
oral stage 0-1
trust vs mistrust |
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Definition
| this arguement is fundamental today- feeding and milk or committment between parent and child |
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Term
anal stage
autonomy vs shame and doubt
1-3 yrs |
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Definition
| doubt in own ability- shame |
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Term
phallic stage
initiative vs guilt
3-6 yrs |
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Definition
oedipus/ electra complex
being independent |
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Term
latency stage
industry vs inferiority
7-11 yrs |
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Definition
interpersonal relationships
meeting social demands |
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Term
genital stage
indentity vs role confusion
12-18 yrs |
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Definition
genital pleasure
establishing cohesive sense of self |
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Term
early adulthood
intimacy vs isolation |
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Definition
| sense of self in one-on-one relationships |
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Term
| generativity vs stagnation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a long double stranded molecule that makes up chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| a threadlike structure made up of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| segments on a dna molecule that act as hereditary blueprints for the organism's development |
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Term
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Definition
| the specific form of a gene coded for a particular trait |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the degree to which a variation in a particular trait among individuals in a specific population is related to genetic differences among those individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| quick test to determine the health of a newborn |
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Term
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Definition
| two needs: 1.to be admired 2. to be able to idealize |
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Term
| kohut's theory of empathy |
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Definition
comes from the parenting of the child
-parent is the mirror of the child
-accuracy explains child's development of the internal state |
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Term
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Definition
| one organism and the sum is greater than the individuals |
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Term
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Definition
maintain structure in the name of change
-self- righting in the face of change |
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Definition
| imbalance in subsystems causing pathology |
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Definition
| when parents relate to each other through the child |
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Definition
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Term
level 0
3-6 years
selmans perspective taking |
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Definition
| undifferientiated thinking, confusing self with others |
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Term
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Definition
| social information, understanding that people might think differently because they have different information |
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Term
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Definition
| self reflective, can step into another's shoes and identify that others have the same capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| third party perspective taking,can step out of their shoes and look at the situation as a bystander |
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Term
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Definition
| societal perspective taking, thinking is influenced by a 3rd party which is the society |
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Term
kohlberg's moral development
preconventional level |
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Definition
stage 1- punishment and obedience, avoids punishment 5-7
stage 2, instrumental orientation be aware of others perspectives 7-10 |
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Term
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Definition
stage 3- good boy good girl orientaion, golden rule reason from takin other perspectives
stage 4- social order orientation,rules must be followed to ensure fairness 12-15 |
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Term
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Definition
stage 5- social contract, laws and rules are flexible
stage 6- universal ethics orientation, right action is depended on self |
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Term
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Definition
| men and women make decisions based upon different reasoning |
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Term
| brain development first vs 2nd year |
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Definition
| with new motor neurons the baby can imitate |
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