Sagittal - divides long axis of body into right and left

Midsagittal - sagittal plane along midline

Parasagittal - sagittal to left or right of midline

Transverse - divides body into top and bottom

Frontal - Divides long axis into front and back

1. Receptor

2. Afferent Neuron

3. Interneuron

4. Efferent Neuron

5. Taget Organ

-Dorsal/Ventral Root - connections to spinal cord

-Dorsal & Ventral roots unite to form spinal n (mixed n) @ intervertebral foramina

-Dorsal root: contains sensory axons

-Ventral roots: contain motor axons

-Dorsal root ganglion: cell bodies of sensory neurons

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-circulation in an area of tissue or an organ w/ a number of differet pathways for blood to reach it

-often formed between adjacent blood vessels

-circulation of blood established through enlargement of minor vessels and anastomosis of vessels w/ those of adjacent parts when a major vein or artery is functionaly impaired(as by obstruction)

-communication between vessels by collateral channels

-surgical, traumatic, or pathological formation of an opening between two normally distinct spaces or organs

1. Ilium

-site for ligamentus attachment

-iliac crest = prominence of hip

2. Ischium

-posterior componnet of pelvis

-ischial tuberosity supports body's weight in sitting position

-bottom half of obturator foramen

3. Pubis

-forms pubic symphasis

-top half of obturator foramen

-between sacrum+ilium

-sacrospinus ligament

-sacrotuberous ligament

1. limit sacral rotation

2. proides weight transfer to the lower limb

1. iliolumbar

-cartilagenous/slightly moveable

2. sacroiliac

-sacrum+ilium

-synovial non-axial gliding type joint

3. pubic symphysis

-fibrocartilagenous disc

4. hip joint

-bears body weight

-bears force of strong muscles of hip and leg

-ball and socket synovial joint

-formed between head of femur and acetabulum

-allows femur to circumduct 360 degrees

-accomodates extreem forces during physical activity

-iliofemoral ligament (Y-lig) = limits hip extension

1. Gluteus maximus

2. Gluteus medius

3. Gluteus minimus

4. Tensor fascia lata

Action: lateral rotation of hip

-"power extension"

INN: inferior gluteal n

INN: Superior gluteal n

Action: ABduction, medial rotation of hip

INN: Superior gluteal n

Action: ABduction, medial rotation of hip

INN: Superior Gluteal n

Action: flexion, medial rotation, aBduction of hip

Superior Gemellus

Obturator Internus

Inferior Gemellus

Deep fascia:

-NO fat, H₂O or insulation

-allows for free play of muscles (reduces friction)

-contains vessels and nerves

Superficial fascia:

-fat, H₂O & insulation

-protective layer

-vessels and nerves

-continuous, spreads infection easily

-composed of ventral rami of spinal n

-L₁ to S₄

INN: sensory, motor, autonomic of...

1. inferior and posterior abdominal wall

2. pelvic viscera (urogenital)

3. Perineum

4. gluteal region

5. lower limb

-1 way valves

-Great saphenous vein

dorsum of foot (top) --> ascends medial leg & thigh --> femoral vein

- Small saphenous vein

dorsum of foot --> ascends posterior aspect of leg --> popllitea vein

Internal Iliac a - gluteal/pelvic region

External iliac artery->femoral a (gives off deep femoral a-blood supply to thigh) -> ADDUCTOR HIATUS->Popliteal a (branches into genicular a of knee)-> SPLITS...

Anterior tibial -> dorsal pedis-> arcuate a->metatarsal a-> digital a

Posterior Tibial->Medial plantar/Lateral plantar->Plantar arch->metatarsal a->digital a

Fibular a. - lateral leg blood supply

Anterior - vastus lateralis/intermedius/medialis, rectus femoris, sartorius

Medial - Adductor magnus/longus, gracilis, pectineus, adductor brevis

Posterior - semimembranousus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris

Muscles of the ANTERIOR thigh INN and action

(Quadriceps femoris)

INN: Femoral n

Action:

-rectus only: flexion of the hip

-ALL heads: extension of the knee

INN: Obturator n

(Pectineus is both obturator and femoral n)

Action: ADduction and flexion of the hip

(gracillis also involved in flexion of knee and medial rotation)

INN: Tibeal n

(Short head of biceps femoris INN = common fibular)

Action: Extension of the hip flexion of the knee

-Synnovial: hinge/pivot/gliding

-Menisci: medial (C shape, more firmly attached), Lateral (O shape, more mobile)

-Ligaments: Anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate, tibial collateral ligament, fibular collateral ligament

Tibiofibular articulation: held together by interosseus membrane, slight movement, fiberous

Talocrural: between talus/medial malleoulus, talus/lateral malleolus

-Synovial, uniaxial, hinge joint

-"true ankle joint"

Ligaments: Lateral collateral ligament (limits inversion, 3 branches)

Medial Collateral lig/deltoid lig (limits eversion/STRONG)

Lateral - fibularus longus/brevis

Anterior (dorsiflexors) - Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus/hallucis longus, Fibularis tertius

Posterior (plantar flexors)- gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus

INN: superficial fibular n

Action: plantar flexion (push-off)

INN: Deep fibular n

Action: dorsiflexion

Tibialis ant/ext hallucis longus = inversion

ext digitorum longus/fibularis tertius = eversion

INN: Tibial n

Action: flexion of the knee, plantar flexion

(Tibialis post, flexor dig long, flex hall long = plantar inversion)