7/10 of the leading causes of death are

because of lifestyle choices and ways of life

Yes.

 2/3 of the reason why people go to the family physician starts with stress

     Top 6 causes of death in the US; all have a strong psychological underpinning.

Three parts of our body and how our endocrine

system works with these

Hypothalamus: controls the master gland of our body

Pituitary: Master gland, controls all the other glands,

growth.

Adrenals: Pituitary sends message to adrenals during stressful situations

is released from adrenals. A steroid

that allows glucose or sugar to move

to the muscles better, gives you

more energy.

B cells: type of white blood cell (fight diseases) mature in bone marrow

 T cells: white blood cells that mature in the thymus [located in the chest behind the sternum]

NK cells: natural killer cells: subtype of T-cells, their job is to detect and destroy damaged or altered cells in the body, trying to detect these cells before they become tumors.

Neurotransmitters; along with Cortisol released during stressful situations

Increase our blood pressure during stressful evens,

·   Norepinephrine: increases blood pressure by tightening our peripheral blood vessels.

·   Epinephrine: increases blood pressure, increases return rate of blood to the heart therefore increasing output

·         Stress has great negative effects on unborn child, looking at the number of abnormalities that occur in births will determine stress

·         Child has negative experiences when mother experiences stress, ability to reproduce decreases with stress, decrease of blood flow to the placenta- body trying to save itself, child has decreased amounts of oxygen and nutrients, this is what leads to babies being born underweight [intra-uterine growth restriction]

·         Epinephrine: hyperactivity in the child Mother stressed; more likely to baby activity; gives energy to the child, causing the child to more and kick and be very active

    Fight or Flight response: Stay and deal with danger, or run away from it

   More accurately this is the way men deal with stress.

Kinds of stresses that woman endure can’t be fought or run from

Tend and Befriend response: primarily how women deal with stress

When woman are in stressful situations they increase tending behaviors [basically, take care of people] bake cookies, clean, take care of people one way or another.

 Befriend: get together and share with other people what’s going on, however they don’t want answers they just want you to listen.

What we think about the event has a greater impact on us than what actually occurred.

·   Perception of the situation, affects the outcome.

 a perceived feeling of overload

§  Includes both physical and mental exhaustion, occurs as a result of a gradual accumulation of everyday stressors.

Particular stress that deals with conflict that occurs between different cultural groups.

·         Occur when people of different ethnic groups come in contact with each other and have to make decisions

assimilation

integration

separation

marginalization

·         Individual has to choose between two attractive stimuli.

·         Both things are desirable.

·         Least stressful kind, regardless of what you chose, both is desired.

·         Want to avoid both, don’t want either one but you have to choose one

·         Choose between punishments

·         More stressful- keep postponing decision.

·   A single stimulus, however that choice has both good and bad outcomes associated with it, you have to decide whether or not you want it.

·   Tend to vacillate our decision time a lot, go back and forth until deadline.

·         Research has looked at the possibility of whether or not we control when we die.

·         Look at the date of people’s death in comparison to their birthday and people are more likely to die after their birthday rather than before their birthday.

whether or not praying for someone has an impact on how quickly they recover from illness.:

prayer helps.

prayer warriors

·         People know the right things to do to be healthy, despite this people make poor choices

·         Telling people what to do isn’t helpful.

·         Half a billion people alive right now will die as a result of tobacco.

·         Smoking is directly linked to 30% of cancer 

·         21% of those who die of heart disease is because of tobacco

·         82% of lung diseases is because of tobacco

·         50% of people who smoke all their life will die for reasons directly associated with tobacco

 Out of all women who are pregnant, 25% of them will smoke during pregnancy

More likely to die of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) where babies stop breathing. Smoking interferes with medulla.

A.      It is a-typical and it is also disturbing.

-          What does it mean for something to be disturbing?

·   Depends on context, culture and time

2.       Previous treatment for the Mentally Ill.

-         

The mentally ill were often caged in mentally ill asylums

-          “Therapies” included things like beat, burning, pulling teeth, and removing lengths of their intestines, getting transfusions of animal blood.

Pinel: (late 1700s)

-          Classification system that creates order, and describes symptoms.

saying that mental disorders are sicknesses or illnesses.

  Psychology has held onto this until this day, saying that mental problems are mental illnesses, and because it is an illness it needs to be diagnosed based on symptoms and needs to be treated.

2000 [900 page book, discusses over 200 specifically defined mental disorders]  

  Primary goal: to provide clear diagnostic categories, and a system and set list of symptoms or characteristics.

  Possibility of Over diagnosing:

 Power of a diagnostic label:

Derived by a committee: 

Everyday problems listen in DSM:

a.       Explicit Criteria:

  Multi-axial: ways in which people are diagnosed

Why people are coming for treatment, primary treatment concern. In theory this is transient and treatable. Axis 1 consists of eating disorders, depression, schizophrenia, substance abuse,

  More permanent conditions

Managed care health insurance will pay for treatment for axis 1 disorders but not for axis 2 [because these are less likely to be treated].

1)      Medical Conditions: diagnose a medical condition related to your axis 1 reason. Now: ask them for their medical history; ask them what conditions they suffer from.

1)      Stressors in the Environment: any stressor that the person has recently undergone that might be contributing to their axis one diagnosis.

1)      Global assessment functioning: GAF- Score Numerical value.  Lower numbers are individuals have low hygiene, seeing things that aren’t there suicidal, perfect score is 100. Deals with social and occupational functioning. Low scores= lower functioning, high scores: higher functioning.

1. why people are coming in for treatment

2. more permanent conditons

3. medical conditions

4. stressors in the enviornment

5. global assessment functioning